洗手对经济增长的意义

来源：Mead, Jill. Bermondsey, south-east London: you will never be bored here. 2019. The Guardian. theguardian.com/money/2019/aug/02/lets-move-to-bermondsey-south-east-london-tom-dyckhoff.

来源：Cesana, D., et al. “The origin and early spread of the Black Death in Italy: first evidence of plague victims from 14th-century Liguria (northern Italy).” Anthropological Science.17 Mar. 2017, Anthropological Science, doi.org/10.1537/ase.161011.

来源：A dinner at a cheap lodging-house. 1859. British Library. www.bl.uk/victorian-britain/articles/the-working-classes-and-the-poor#.

习惯慢慢改变了，尽管很少是出于健康或疾病的考虑。相反，行事不冒犯他人🥺，成为精致的标志，也将某一阶级与脏兮兮的下层（the unwashed masses）区分开。德国社会学家诺伯特•埃利亚斯（Norbert Elias）将几个世纪养成的卫生习惯描述为一堵“无形的感情之墙”🎖：“只要碰到别人用嘴或手接触过的东西”，这堵“墙”就能被感受到。

以叉子的使用为例👩🏼‍🏭，它在中世纪晚期逐渐传遍了欧洲𓀘。比起用手把食物送到嘴里，用叉子进食更卫生。但把叉子作为社会地位的象征，更多源于它对使用的要求。在没有病菌理论的情况下⇨，时尚仅能让社会发展到这种地步。16世纪的礼仪专家、意大利诗人乔瓦尼•德拉•卡萨（Giovanni Della Casa）曾劝阻读者在如厕后洗手，以免让“洗手引起不愉快的联想”。

来源🤸🏼‍♂️：Historic population trends. 2013. Fire Brigade. firebrigadesavety.blogspot.com/2013/05/historic-population-trends.html?m=1.

来源：Annan, Thomas. The old closes and streets of Glasglow. 1868. British Library. www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-old-closes-and-streets-of-glasgow?shelfitemviewer=1&fromother=1&imgSelectedId=c461f95e-a63e-4a64-a00e-c5074af0cead.

* 标题由译者标注。 

* 本文仅代表学者个人观点,

与沪港发展联合研究所立场无关。

 选题：朱介鸣（同济大学） 

翻译：江默柔

审译💮：王梓诚

排版🤷：朱红英